Finally discover how to quantify the direct and hidden Costs of Conflict
Read below and determine how to use the Cost of Conflict Calculator.
Measuring Conflict – What is it?
If we are going to measure the cost of conflict to an organization, we must know what to look for. What should we consider as conflict? Conflict is a difference about how expected needs are going to be met and we typically know we are in a conflict because of the emotional tension we experience. At a behavioral level we become aware of either distancing or combative strategies: gossip, avoidance, verbal abuse, passive/aggressive communication, and hostility. Conflict can be demonstrated by not returning phone calls, not having coffee with your colleague any more and filing complaints, grievances or lawsuits. At its combative extreme, conflict involves physical violence.
Direct Costs
Legal fees paid for conflict that escalates into a legal dispute are the most visible costs. Another cost that is easy to measure is insurance. Both legal fees and insurance costs can be determined from the company’s financial statements. In 1986 the Rand Corporation estimated that it cost $100 000 to defend a wrongful termination suit. Today, employer defense fees are much higher, when the cost of defending a company’s reputation as an employer of choice is factored in the balance. Theft and sabotage are both direct costs that can also be computed. The challenge is in showing the relationship of these costs to a particular conflict or employee.
The “Hidden” Costs of Conflict
Computing direct “conflict-related” costs can provide useful data; however, there are significant hidden costs within employee conflicts, costs that an organization incurs long before a lawsuit is filed.
For example, a team member’s commitment to the team and the team mission can decrease if intra-team conflict remains unresolved. Conversely, if intra-team conflict is actively managed and resolved, the team member’s chances for success within the team increases. Research shows that if unhealthy conflict goes unresolved for too long, team members are likely to leave the company or use valuable time to search for alternatives.
The Evidence of the Hidden Costs of Conflict
Several commonly tracked employee metrics can provide a wealth of data to analyze and track the true costs of conflict. Time spent, absenteeism, turnover and grievance filing are the prime indicators of workplace conflict. Measuring the costs of each of these factors can be used to demonstrate the added value of human resources interventions such as training and performance management.
Quantifying Time Spent Dealing with Conflict
The cost of resolving a conflict can involve the salaries of as many as four employees: the two who are in conflict, their manager, and the HR manager. It is estimated that Fortune 500 senior HR executives spend up to 20% of their time in litigation activities. Studies show that up to 30% of a typical manager’s time is spent dealing with conflict.
Absenteeism
Absenteeism is a conflict-related hidden cost that can be measured using a simple formula provided by the U.S. Department of Labor. Experts suggest that your absenteeism goal should be 3% or lower rather than the current average of 6% percent per annum.
Absenteeism Rate = Number of lost working days due to absence / (Number of employees) x (Number of Workdays) x 100
The Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine reports that health care expenditures are nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress and many studies suggest that stress is a byproduct of a conflicted work environment. Stress has seen a 316% increase as a reason for absenteeism since 1995. (1999 Unscheduled Absence Survey by CCH Inc)
Turnover
Turnover is another hidden cost of unresolved conflict. The business costs and impact of employee turnover can be grouped into four major categories:
1. Severance costs – voluntary or involuntary
2. Benefits costs – compensation, etc.
3. Recruitment & staffing cycle time costs,
4. Training & Development costs,
5. Lost productivity costs.
Figures vary, but the turnover cost of one employee can be anywhere from 30% to 150% of the employees annual salary.
Grievance Filing
For companies with union represented employees, it is possible to benchmark the number of grievances filed per month. The cost per grievance can be distilled to determine the estimated costs to resolve a grievance at the first, secondary and termination levels. It is also useful to compare grievances filed per month with the number filed after training or other performance improvement intervention
Quantifying Productivity Increases
It is also possible to track the productivity increases associated with learning how to manage conflict better. For example: the time a manager spends dealing with conflict is noted for a five-day period. The manager’s base salary is $35,000 per annum (excluding benefits and bonus). This manager typically spends 10 hours within a 40-hour work week dealing with conflicts between employees.
After attending a conflict resolution training that costs the company $300 per employee, the manager is more effective and only spends 7 hours per week on managing conflict within her team. If he/she spends 3 hours less per week in conflict, that is $18 X 3 hours X 52 weeks, a productivity increase of $2808 per year as a result of conflict resolution training.
ROI for Conflict Resolution Training
To calculate the return on investment, the following formula is helpful:
ROI=PI- Cost/ Cost
(where PI equals performance improvement)
$2808-$300/$300=8.36%
Finally, the payback period can be calculated as follows:
Payback Period=Cost X 52 weeks/ PI
$300 X 52 weeks = 5.5 weeks
$2808
Conclusion
The ability to manage conflict is a critical skill in today’s workplace: many organizations have identified it as a core competency for managers at all levels. It is ironic that many executives hesitate to invest time and money in improving their employees’ conflict management resiliency when the net added value to the company’s bottom line can be documented.
Direct and Hidden Costs:Facts and Figures
PART A: DIRECT COSTS
Increasing Complaints and Litigation
The general federal civil caseload increased by 125% between 1970 and 1989. In contrast employment discrimination case filings recorded a 2,166% increase. Federal Courts Study Committee, (1989)“Tentative Recommendations for Public Comment.” Proposed Long Range Plans for Federal Courts.
This trend has continued: in 1991 there were 35% more cases than in 1990, and by 1996 more than double the number filed in 1990. The Eisenberg-Clermont Database
The EEOC reported a 22% increase in charges of employment discrimination from 1991 to 1993. Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, July 29,1994 at D20.
Retaliation complaints more than doubled between 1991 and 1998, with 31,059 cases filed in 1998.
According to the Rand Corporation, the average amount spent by companies in defending wrongful termination lawsuits from 1980 to 1986 was about $100,000 per case. Risser, R (1993) “Stay out of Court: The Manager’s Guide to Preventing Employee’s Lawsuits,” Prentice Hall.
“Even when the employer prevails on summary judgment, he has usually spent $50,000 or more in attorney’s fees, in addition to the organizations time and resources.” McDermott, E with Berkeley, A (1996) “Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Workplace: Concepts and Techniques for Human Resource Executives and their Counsel.” Quorum Books, at pxviii
Years ago, if a situation had more than $100,000 at stake, litigation was a viable alternative. Today, the benchmark is $1 million and growing quickly. Stewart Levine (1998)
Increasing Financial Risk
From 1992 to 1993 awards from judges and juries in sexual harassment cases increased 98% to a record $25,2 million. Stickler, K (1994) “For Job-Bias Suits, Ballooning Costs.” New York Times, Sunday, July 17, 1994, at p F11.
According to a nationwide study, the average jury verdict in wrongful termination cases is over $600,000 and companies lose 64% of the cases. “Without Just Cause: An Employer’s Practical Guide on Wrongful Discharge,” (1988) Bureau of National Affairs.
Annual monetary benefits for sexual harassment cases handled by the EEOC between 1992 and 1998 have increased from $12,7 million to $34.5 million. The figure for FY 1999 is $50.3 million and for FY 2000 is $54.6 million. These figures do not include monetary benefits obtained through litigation. EEOC statistics at www.eeoc.gov/stats
Annual monetary benefits for ADA cases handled by the EEOC between July 26, 1992 and 1998 have increased from $0.2million to $49,1 million. The figure for FY 1999 is $49.9 million and for FY 2000 is $47.9 million.
These figures do not include monetary benefits obtained through litigation. EEOC statistics at www.eeoc.gov/stats
A survey by the ABA of employment discrimination cases brought under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act reveals that employers prevail 96.4 percent of the time in court, and 76.4 percent of the time in administrative complaints handled by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. July-August 2001 issue of the American Bar Association’s Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter.
Employment Practices LiabilityInsurance
“Intentional discrimination claims are not covered by an insurance policy.” McDermott, E with Berkeley, A (1996) “Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Workplace: Concepts and Techniques for Human Resource Executives and their Counsel.” Quorum Books, at p 30.
Employment Practices Liability Insurance (EPLI) covers claims for discrimination or wrongful termination based on race, sex or disability. In a survey of 100 Human Resource executives, co-sponsored by Assurex International, the University of Miami and the American Mediation Institute, 48% indicated that they have purchased EPLI. EPL Survey Report, Assurex International, the University of Miami and the American Mediation Institute, 1998.
PART A: HIDDEN COSTS
Time “It takes an average of two years for the EEOC to investigate most claims.” Busch, R II “The Conundrum: Conflict- The Solution: Designing Effective Conflict Management Systems,” 16 Preventative L. Rep. Note 4 at 13 (1997)
“The median time between the date a lawsuit is filed and the commencement of a civil trail is 2.5 years.” Busch, R II “The Conundrum: Conflict- The Solution: Designing Effective Conflict Management Systems,” 16 Preventative L. Rep. Note 4 at 13 (1997)
Fortune 500 Senior executives spend 20% of their time in litigation activities. Stewart Levine (1998)
Up to 30% of a typical managers time is spent dealing with conflict. Thomas, K and Schmidt, W. (1976) “A survey of managerial interests with respect to conflict. Academy of Management Journal,” June 1976.
A more current study showed that 42% of a manager’s time is spent on reaching agreement with others when conflicts occur. Watson, C and Hoffman, R (1996) ” Managers as Negotiators,” Leadership Quarterly 7 (1) 1996
Absenteeism
Stress has seen a 316% increase as a reason for absenteeism since 1995.
1999 Unscheduled Absence Survey by CCH Inc
The cost of unscheduled absenteeism is as high as $602 per employee annually.
1999 Unscheduled Absence Survey by CCH Inc
Absenteeism Rate = Number of lost working days due to absence /(Number of employees) x (Number of Workdays) x 100
U.S. Department of Labor Formula
Your absenteeism goal should be 3 percent instead of 6 percent per anum.
Levine, G. (199) “Absenteeism-causes and cures”
Absenteeism accounts for a 10% loss of productivity for employees in conflict.
Dan Dana, Mediation Training Institute International
Turnover
The turnover costs for an employee is anywhere between 75% and 150% of the annual salary. Phillips, D.T. (1990) “The Price Tag of Turnover.” Personnel Journal, Dec. 1990, at p 58.
Another more conservative estimate suggests that the cost of replacing an employee ranges from 29% to 46% of the persons annual salary.
Bernthal, P and Wellins, R
HR Benchmark Group, Issue 2 (vol 3) February 2001
The Bureau of Labor Statistics use 30% as the base cost of replacing a worker and calculates the rate of turnover by dividing the number of employee separations during the month with the total number of employees at mid month.
The business costs and impact of employee turnover can be grouped into four major categories: 1) Costs due to a person leaving; 2) hiring costs; 3) training costs; and 4) lost productivity costs.
Employee sabotage occurs when an employee intentionally inflicts damage on the organization or one of its members, ultimately inflicting a loss in production or profit.
There is a direct correlation between prevalence of employee conflict and the amount of damage and theft of inventory and equipment.
Dana, D (1997) Managing Differences
A survey of 1305 adults in the workplace revealed that 14% had observed Damage of machines or furniture
Source: Business Week Integra Realty Resources’ Oct-Nov 2000
Cost of Conflict Worksheet
A: Direct Costs
Legal and other Professional Fees
Name of Professional
Total Bill
Sabotage
Equipment Replaced or Repaired
Total Bill
B: Hidden Costs
Lost Time
Employee Name/Position
Hourly Rate of Pay
Hours spent on conflict
Total Cost
Grand Totals
Absenteeism
3.1 Calculate the absenteeism rate for the employees in question
Employee Name/Position
Number of days absent during the conflict
Number of work days since becoming involved in conflict
Annual Salary
Grand Totals
Absenteeism Rate = Number of lost working days due to absence / (Number of employees) x (Number of Workdays) x 100
3.2 Calculate the loss of productivity for the employees in question.
For an absenteeism rate of 3% assume a 10% loss of productivity
For an absenteeism rate of 4% assume a 12% loss of productivity
For an absenteeism rate of 5% assume a 14% loss of productivity
For an absenteeism rate of 6% assume a 16% loss of productivity
For an absenteeism rate of 7% assume a 18% loss of productivity
For an absenteeism rate of 8% assume a 20% loss of productivity
Loss of Productivity = Total Annual Salary X Total Duration of Conflict (Weeks)/Total Work Year (Weeks)/10%, 12%, etc
Loss of Productivity = _____________ X __________________ (Weeks)/____________ (Weeks)/___
Loss of Productivity Due to Absenteeism =
$
4. Turnover
Name/Position of Employees who were involved in the conflict and resigned
Degree to which decision to resign was as a result of the conflict (expressed as a %)
Annual Salary
Grand Totals
Turnover Costs = Annual Salary X Decision Reason as a % X 150%
Turnover Costs = $_________ X _______________% X 150%
John Ford is the author of Peace at Work and founder of the HR Mediation Academy. He mediates; trains; and consults to organizations that have accepted the inevitability of conflict and are seeking to approach it with greater clarity and confidence. He was the managing editor of Mediate.com from 2000… MORE >
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