The Interactive ADA Accommodation Process

This article was first published in “Employment Update”, a newsletter of Bullivant|Houser|Baily. Winter 2001, Volume 6, Number 1.

The Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”) requires employers to reasonably accommodate the disabilities of their employees. According to the implementing regulations, reasonable accommodations are to be determined by what is termed an “interactive process.” Those regulations, which have been given deference by the federal courts, envision the following steps:

First, the employer should analyze the particular job involved to determine its purpose and essential functions.

Second, the employer and the individual with the disability should work together to identify what barriers exist to that individual’s performance of a particular job function.This analysis should include a review of the individual’s abilities and limitations and a determination as to which factors in the work environment or job tasks pose difficulties.
Third, the employer, working with the individual with a disability, should identify a range of possible accommodations that have the potential to remove the difficulties, either in the work environment or job tasks, and which would allow the individual to perform the essential functions of the job. Engaging in an interactive process, through which the employer and employee work together to arrive at a reasonable accommodation, is likely the employer’s best means of avoiding liability for disability discrimination and the failure to reasonably accommodate a disabled employee.The interactive process leads to better decisions and creates immunity from damages in a claim of failure to reasonably accommodate.

Fourth, having identified various possible accommodations, the employer should assess the effectiveness of each accommodation and the preference of the individual to be accommodated and then determine whether the various accommodations would pose an undue hardship upon the employer.

Recently, in Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. 2000), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (whose decisions govern the Western states) addressed the interactive process in depth, noting that “the interactive process is a mandatory rather than a permissive obligation on the part of employers under the ADA and . . . this obligation is triggered by an employee or an employee’s representative giving notice of the employee’s disability and the desire for an accommodation.”

The Barnett case establishes guidelines for the interactive process, and the court’s discussion is extremely helpful to employers working with employees with disabilities. According to the court, an employer should:

• Explore Accommodation Options in Good-Faith. “The interactive process requires communication and good-faith exploration of possible accommodations between employers and individual employees. The shared goal is to identify an accommodation that allows the employee to perform the job effectively.” Therefore, employers must communicate in good faith with disabled employees about possible accommodations.

  
  

• Communicate Directly with the Employee. “Both sides must communicate directly, exchange essential information and neither side can delay or obstruct the process.” Therefore, the obligation to communicate directly and exchange essential information rests on both the employee and the employer. This means that the employee must provide relevant medical information if requested by the employer. It is vitally important that the employer not delay the process or set up roadblocks that make it difficult for the employee. Probably the best way to start the interaction is to simply ask the employee, “What can I do for you?”

  
  

• Demonstrate Good Faith. “In order to demonstrate good faith, employers can point to cooperative behavior which promotes the identification of an appropriate accommodation.” Cooperative behavior includes:
  • making the process easy for employees;
  • providing forms for requests for accommodations to help document the process. (Note that an employer must still entertain a request for an accommodation even if it is not in writing.);
  • making time for dealing with these issues;
  • training supervisors not to make employees feel that such requests are an unwelcome burden; and
  • responding promptly to employee requests for reasonable accommodation.

  
  

• Identify the Barriers to Job Performance. “In order to identify the barriers to job performance, employers engaging in the interactive process must consult and cooperate with disabled employees so that both parties discover the precise limitations and types of accommodations which would be the most effective. The evaluation of proposed accommodations requires further dialogue and an assessment of the effectiveness of each accommodation, in terms of enabling the employee to successfully perform the job.”

Therefore, under the ADA, it is improper to force an accommodation on an employee without consulting with the employee or assessing the effectiveness of the accommodation with the employee. In Barnett, the court held that the employer did not engage in the interactive process in good faith because it rejected the employee’s proposed accommodation, but, at the same time, failed to offer any practical alternatives. It is important to remember that the burden is on both parties, the employee and the employer.

The court makes no bones about it — employers are required to engage in the interactive process. Thus, an employer neglects (or refuses) to engage in the interactive process at its own peril. Although the court did not hold that there is an independent claim for failure to engage in the interactive process, the actual consequences are just as severe.

The failure to participate in the interactive process in good faith deprives the employer of its immunity from damages for failure to reasonably accommodate an employee. Generally, if an employer fails to provide an employee with a reasonable accommodation, that employee can recover damages. However, if the employer engages in the interactive process in good faith, that employer will be immune from damages.

More significant is the ruling in Barnett that an employer failing to engage in the interactive process cannot obtain Summary Judgment, meaning that the case cannot be quickly decided by the court, but has to be decided by a jury trial. As an employer, you can greatly reduce the risk of ADA liability by engaging in the interactive process in good faith. Have an open dialogue with your employees and work with them to find solutions.

                       

Clay D. Creps

Clay D. Creps is a shareholder based in Bullivant’s Portland office, and is chair of the Employment Department. His practice focuses on representation of employers, including defending employment litigation and counseling in employment law. MORE >

                       

Douglas R. Andres

Douglas R. Andres is shareholder based in Bullivant’s Portland office. His litigation practice concentrates on the defense of employment discrimination, civil rights and municipal liability claims. Mr. Andres has over 25 years of trial experience and dispute resolution in state and federal courts and administrative agencies in the Northwest and… MORE >